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| DATE | 2015-02-02 |
| FROM | Ruben
|
| SUBJECT | Subject: [LIU Comp Sci] Operating System History
|
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Message-ID: <54CF1C26.5040900-at-my.liu.edu>
Date: Mon, 02 Feb 2015 01:41:42 -0500
From: Ruben
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To: rms-at-gnu.org, learn-at-nylxs.com,
Samir Iabbassen ,
Mohammed Ghriga
Subject: [LIU Comp Sci] Operating System History
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Hey Richard, you have to talk to the author of the Operationing Systems
text. He is totally screwing up the purpose and history of Free
Software. It really ticks me off to read it. This guy is in Yale,
right? Just down the block from either of us or both of us. Lets drop
in on his office. Maybe you can get an appointment through the FSF, and
we;ll pull some NYLXS people down to Yale and have Cruppets and Tea and
talk about Free Software...
Ruben
OPERATING
SYSTEM
CONCEPTS
ABRAHAM SILBERSCHATZ
Yale University
PETER BAER GALVIN
Pluribus Networks
GREG GAGNE
Westminster College
NINTH EDITION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1.12.1
History
In the early days of modern computing (that is, the 1950s), a great deal of
software was available in open-source format. The original hackers (computer
enthusiasts) at MIT’s Tech Model Railroad Club left their programs in
drawers
for others to work on. “Homebrew” user groups exchanged code during their
meetings. Later, company-specific user groups, such as Digital Equipment
Corporation’s DEC, accepted contributions of source-code programs, collected
them onto tapes, and distributed the tapes to interested members.
Computer and software companies eventually sought to limit the use of
their software to authorized computers and paying customers. Releasing only
the binary files compiled from the source code, rather than the source code
itself, helped them to achieve this goal, as well as protecting their
code and their
ideas from their competitors. Another issue involved copyrighted material.
Operating systems and other programs can limit the ability to play back
movies
and music or display electronic books to authorized computers. Such copy
protection or digital rights management (DRM) would not be effective if the
source code that implemented these limits were published. Laws in many
countries, including the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), make
it illegal to reverse-engineer DRM code or otherwise try to circumvent copy
protection.
1.12 Open-Source Operating Systems
45
To counter the move to limit software use and redistribution, Richard
Stallman in 1983 started the GNU project to create a free, open-source,
UNIX-
compatible operating system. In 1985, he published the GNU Manifesto, which
argues that all software should be free and open-sourced. He also formed
the Free Software Foundation (FSF) with the goal of encouraging the free
exchange of software source code and the free use of that software.
Rather than
copyright its software, the FSF “copylefts” the software to encourage
sharing
and improvement. The GNU General Public License (GPL) codifies copylefting
and is a common license under which free software is released.
Fundamentally,
GPL requires that the source code be distributed with any binaries and
that any
changes made to the source code be released under the same GPL license.
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