MESSAGE
| DATE | 2010-02-10 |
| FROM | Ruben Safir
|
| SUBJECT | Subject: [NYLXS - HANGOUT] C++ Workshop _ Syntax Basics
|
Statement Structure:
All C and C++ statements (although not all syntax) ends with a semi-colon.
You can even put two semi-colons on a single line, seperated by a
semicolon, but in general this isn't recommend.
Statements are constructed with Data, Operators and Keywords. C++ has
an exented set of Keywords than C.
Keywords:
Keywords are any symbols that the Standard C++ recognizes as having
instructional meaning, that is the tell the compiler to do something.
The Key Words in C++ are as follows, and learning the exact meaning of
all the keywords is essential to learning C++.
These are inhereted from C:
auto const double float int short struct unsigned
break continue else for long signed switch void
case default enum goto register sizeof typedef volatile
char do extern if return static union while
These are the extended set added to C++
asm dynamic_cast namespace reinterpret_cast try
bool explicit new static_cast typeid
catch false operator template typename
class friend private this using
const_cast inline public throw virtual
delete mutable protected true wchar_t
and most C++ Compilers also recognize the follow Keywords
and bitand compl not_eq or_eq xor_eq
and_eq bitor not or xor
Keywords are completely reserved and can not be used as symbols by any
user defined variables in your program. They are exclusive to the
language and compilers.
There are other important predefined symbols that C++ uses as well.
These are not strictly exclusive to the Language, however, overloading
them or using them as symbols for variables is a very bad idea.
There is a lot of them, but some of them might include
cin
endl
INT_MIN
iomanip
main
npos
std
cout
include
INT_MAX
iostream
MAX_RAND
NULL
string
not to mention the Macros like __DATE__ and __TIME__
Operators:
Operators, are very much like functions or methods in that they define
processes, taking in arguments and returning outputs (and having side
affects). In the C Language, Operators are immutable. You can't change
their meaning. In C++ many of them can be overloaded, that is that you
can create, and change their meaning. A lot of C++ study involves
discussing the overloading of Operators.
All Operators, as they do in Mathematics, have precedence and
associativity. For example, in arithmetic:
4 x 3 - 10 = 22
and not -28 or 2. That is because multiplication has a higher
precedence that subtraction and the associativity is left to right. A
complete list of C++ operators is considerable and as follows:
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
? Operator ? Type ? Associativity ?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
? :: ? binary scope resolution ? ?
? :: ? unary scope resolution ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? () ? parentheses ? ?
? [] ? array subscript ? ?
? . ? member selection via object ? ?
? -> ? member selection via pointer ? left to right ?
? ++ ? unary postincrement ? ?
? -- ? unary postdecrement ? ?
? typeid ? run-time type information ? ?
? dynamic_cast< type > ? run-time type-checked cast ? ?
? static_cast ? compile-time type-checked cast ? ?
? reinterpret_cast ? cast for non-standard conversions ? ?
? const_cast ? cast away const-ness ? ?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ++ ? unary preincrement ? ?
? -- ? unary predecrement ? ?
? + ? unary plus ? ?
? - ? unary minus ? ?
? ! ? unary logical negation ? ?
? ~ ? unary bitwise complement ? ?
? ( type ) ? C-style unary cast ? right to left ?
? sizeof ? determine size in bytes ? ?
? & ? address ? ?
? * ? dereference ? ?
? new ? dynamic memory allocation ? ?
? new[] ? dynamic array allocation ? ?
? delete ? dynamic memory deallocation ? ?
? delete[] ? dynamic array deallocation ? ?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
? .* ? pointer to member via object ? ?
? ->* ? pointer to member via pointer ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? * ? multiplication ? ?
? / ? division ? ?
? % ? modulus ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? + ? addition ? ?
? - ? subtraction ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? << ? bitwise left shift ? ?
? >> ? bitwise right shift ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? < ? relational less than ? ?
? <= ? relational less than or equal to ? left to right ?
? > ? relational greater than ? ?
? >= ? relational greater than or equal to ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? == ? relational is equal to ? ?
? != ? relational is not equal to ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? & ? bitwise AND ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? ^ ? bitwise exclusive OR ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? | ? bitwise inclusive OR ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? && ? logical AND ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? || ? logical OR ? ?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ?: ? ternary conditional ? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
? = ? assignment ? ?
? += ? addition assignment ? ?
? -= ? subtraction assignment ? ?
? *= ? multiplication assignment ? ?
? /= ? division assignment ? right to left ?
? %= ? modulus assignment ? ?
? &= ? bitwise AND assignment ? ?
? ^= ? bitwise exclusive OR assignment ? ?
? |= ? bitwise inclusive OR assignment ? ?
? >>= ? bitwise left shift assignment ? ?
? <<= ? bitwise right shift with assignment ? ?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
? , ? comma ? left to right ?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
We will walk through this complete list of operators later.
--
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